State Automobile License Renewal Case Essay Example for Free

State Automobile License Renewal Case Essay One dozen size request: In this circumstance, the bottleneck is â€Å"setting up the broiler and baking†, which takes 10 minutes to complete this procedure. In this way, the Cycle Time (CT) is 10 minutes. The Kristen’s treat organization can complete the initial dozen following 26 minutes, at that point Kristen and her flat mate can finish each request per 10 minutes. 4 hours=240 minutes. (240-26)/10=21.4, and 21.4+1=22.4. As indicated by the conditions over, the organization could take care of 22 requests each night. Two dozen size request: In this circumstance, the CT becomes 20 minutes. The organization completed the main request following 36 minutes, at that point they could finish each request in at regular intervals. 4 hours=240 minutes. (240-36)/20=10.2, and 10.2+1=11.2. As indicated by the conditions over the organization could satisfy 11 requests each night. Three dozen size request: In this circumstance, the CT becomes 30 minutes. The organization completed the principal request following 46 minutes, at that point they could completeâ each request in at regular intervals. (240-46)/30=6.5, and 6.5+1=7.5 According to the conditions over the organization could satisfy 7 requests each night. Since they have 14 minutes left subsequent to completing every one of the 7 sets of three dozen size, they could make twelve treat for a one dozen size request. Q3. Time Kristen Kristen’s Roommate One dozen size request 8 minutes 4 minutes Two dozen size request 10 minutes 8 minutes Three dozen size request 12 minutes 12 minutes Table 3.1 the Summary of Time That Kristen and Her Roommate Will Take One dozen size request: Kristen does the procedure of â€Å"washing mixing† (6 minutes) and one â€Å"dishing up† (2 minutes). The thoroughly esteem time of Kristen is 8 minutes. Kristen’s flat mate does the procedure of â€Å"setting up† (1 moment), â€Å"packing† (2 minutes) and â€Å"accept Payment† (1 moment). So her absolute time included is 4 minutes Two dozen size request: Because the â€Å"washing mixing† step takes same time paying little heed to what number of treats are being made in the bunch. The worth time of Kristen comprises of â€Å"washing mixing† (6 minutes) and two â€Å"dishing up† (2 minutes). In this manner, the all out worth time of Kristen is 10 minutes. The all out worth time of Kristen’s flat mate comprises of two â€Å"setting up† (1minutes), two â€Å"packing† (2 minutes) and two â€Å"accept Payment† (1 moment). So her complete worth time included is 8 minutes. Three dozen size request: The â€Å"washing mixing† continues as before, which takesâ 6 minutes. So Kristen’s esteem time comprises of â€Å"washing mixing† (6 minutes) and three â€Å"dishing up† (2 minutes). Thusly, the all out worth time of Kristen is 12 minutes. The complete worth time of Kristen’s flat mate comprises of three â€Å"setting up† (1minutes), three â€Å"packing† (2 minutes) and three â€Å"accept Payment† (1 moment). So her absolute worth time included is 12 minutes. Q4 Presumptions of this inquiry: 1. The estimation of Kristen and her roommate’s time is $20/hour per individual. 2. The edge of Kristen’s treat organization is 27.7%. 3. The rebate that Kristen will give originates from half of the sparing. On the off chance that Kristen and her flat mate simply make one dozen treats, the all out cost will be the total of fixings cost, bundle cost and worth time cost. At that point it will be: 0.6 + 0.1 + 20*0.2 = 4.7 (fixing cost) (bundle cost) (esteem time cost) Because the edge of one dozen treats is 27.7%, at that point the cost ought to be 4.7*27.7%≈6 dollars. Along these lines, typical cost of a two dozen size request ought to be 12 dollars and ordinary cost of a three dozen size request ought to be 18 dollars. On the off chance that Kristen and her flat mate make a two dozen size request, the all out cost will be: 1.2 + 0.2 + 20*0.3 = 7.4 (fixing cost) (bundle cost) (esteem time cost) The sparing expense of a two dozen size request is 4.7*2-7.4=2 At that point the markdown of a two dozen size request could be 2*50%=1 dollar. In the event that Kristen and her flat mate make a three dozen size request, the absolute cost will be: 1.8 + 0.3 + 20*0.4 = 10.1 (fixing cost) (bundle cost) (esteem time cost) The sparing expense of a three dozen size request is 4.7*3-10.1=4 At that point the rebate of a three dozen size request could be 4*50%=2 dollars. It would take more time to take care of a two-dozen treat request than a one-dozen treat size request. Clearly, from viewpoint of Rush Over Time, they will take 26 minutes to take care of a one dozen size request, however they will take 26 minutes to take care of a two dozen size request. From viewpoint of Cycle Time, they will take 10 minutes to dispatch a one dozen size request; in any case, they will take 20 minutes to take care of a two dozen size request. Q5 Regardless of one, a few dozen of size, Kristen’s treats organization just need one food processor and two heating plate. As should be obvious from the Gantt graph: Graph 5.1 Three Orders of One Dozen Size Graph 5.2 Three Orders of Two Dozen Size Graph 5.3 Two Orders of Three Dozen Size At the sixteenth moment, while the plate is in the broiler, Kristen can’t do the dish up without another plate. So as the 26th 36th †¦.. In any case, the last advance of the procedure which needs the plate won't impact the procedure that after the following one. At that point we can get the end that they need two plate in particular. What's more, with regards to the food processor, we can discover that the ideal opportunity for the â€Å"washing and mixing† is shorter than the ideal opportunity for preparing, and the processor must be utilized in the progression of the â€Å"washing and mixing†. So we can without much of a stretch get the end that Kristen just need one processor. Q6 There is a few techniques to make more treats in less time. If there is just a single broiler, the bottleneck would be â€Å"setting up and baking†. In this way, the most straightforward approach to improve activity could be including another broiler. The impacts of including another broiler could be viewed as beneath: One dozen size request Graph 6.1 Three Orders of One Dozen Size with Two Ovens As should be obvious from the Gantt graph, the Rush Order time will remain the equivalent. Be that as it may, the Cycle time abbreviates from 10 minutes to 6 minutes, which implies the bottleneck is â€Å"washing mixing†. In this circumstance, Kristen’s treat organization can finish 10 requests for each hour after this framework has been steady, which is 4 requests more than previously. Given similar presumptions in the Q4, the net benefit of these 4 requests is (6-4.7)*4=5.2 dollars. In ends, Kristen and her flat mate would ready to pay close to 5.2 dollars every hour for the extra stove. Two dozen size request Graph 6.1 Three Orders of Two Dozen Size with Two Ovens Under this situation, Rush request time abbreviates from 36 minutes to 28 minutes. In the mean time, the Cycle Time becomes 10 minutes, which is 10 minutes not exactly previously. The bottleneck is as yet â€Å"setting up and baking†. In this circumstance, Kristen’s treat organization can finish 6 requests for every hour after this framework has been steady, which is 3 more than previously. Given the suspicions in the inquiry 4, the net benefit of these 3 requests is (12-7.4)*3=13.8 dollars. It implies that Kristen and her flat mate would ready to pay close to 13.8 dollars every hour to lease an extra stove. Three dozen size request Diagram 6.1 Four Orders of Three Dozen Size with Two Ovens As should be obvious from the Gantt diagram 6.1, the Rush Order time will become 36 minutes. However, the Cycle time abbreviates from 30 minutes to (13+17)/2=15 minutes, which implies the bottleneck is as yet â€Å"setting up and baking†. In this circumstance, Kristen’s treat organization can finish 4 requests for every hour after this framework has been steady, which is 2 requests more than previously. Given similar suspicions in the Q4, the net benefit of these 4 requests is (18-10.1)*2=15.8 dollars. Taking everything into account, Kristen and her flat mate would ready to pay close to 15.8 dollars every hour for the extra broiler. Q7 Graph 7.1 Three Orders of Two Dozen Size with Two Ovens

GREAT EXPECTATION BY CHARLES DICKENS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Extraordinary EXPECTATION BY CHARLES DICKENS - Essay Example The story is composed during Victorian period and gives an accentuation on a feeling of social obligation, family bolster relationship and sentiment of regard and respect to one another. This is a changing period for Great Britain. This is viewed as the hour of dilatation worldwide and turning out to be solid and incredible nation. With the changing of economy and specialized advancement individuals adjust without anyone else and change their perspective and impression of world by and large and writing especially (Hughes, 3-5). Victorian writing is coordinated on a mass peruser and concentrated on high measure of individuals who are going to understand either novel. That is the reason, it might be recommended that Dickens chooses uncover on the issues which are applicable for the general public and for each compassionate by and by. Besides, he gives an answer for change the finish of the story to a positive one. This may be accomplished for perusers to leave an attractive result and palatable impact from the book. As nineteenth century was difficult time for British residents Dickens needs to get a positive note their lives. The focal figure of the novel is Philip Pirrip additionally called Pip, and Charles Dickens leaves a piece of his experience and sentiments in this character. He was a vagrant, â€Å"a dull, unbalanced, working boy† (Dickens, 59) who do value his life and viewed as troubled. His instruction and development is the arrangement of his sister, Mrs. Georgiana Maria Gargery who is â€Å"not an attractive woman† (Dickens, 26), yet her character is a hundred times more awful than her standpoint. She howls, bothers, trounce her better half and little Pip. This woman has a little villain somewhere inside in her heart and he is disgraceful and vomited. All things considered, Pip is procured kind and delicate character along with the genuine and unadulterated soul. One day this kid is confronted with an opportunity for splendid future in

Theme Analysis essays

Topic Analysis expositions Similarly as with most books, it is ideal to start a conversation of thematics by analyzing the title. The expression, a different harmony, is referenced once in the novel when, talking about the Winter Carnival, Gene states: it was this freedom we had torn from the dim infringements of 1943, the getaway we had prepared, this evening of flitting, fanciful, extraordinary and separate harmony (128). The Devon of 1942 and 1943 is, on occasion, a shelter of harmony and carelessness for Gene and his cohorts. What's more, it is noteworthy that it is named an independent harmony since it shows that the harmony accomplished isn't a piece of the encompassing reality, which, for Gene, is a universe of contention, a world at war. The delight that the more established Gene recollects upon returning to Devon is because of such transient times of complete opportunity accomplished throughout the late spring of 1942 and the accompanying schoolyear, minutes when a multi year-old could live without st ruggle or manages, and disregard the infringing truth of a universal war. The tale is about a youngster's battle to accomplish and keep up such a different harmony. Also, in spite of the fact that the setting is in an America amidst war, the focal point of the novel is inner. For most of the plot, the far off war is a hallucination for the understudies in Gene's group, and for the peruser, the war turns into the greatest allegory of the novel: an illustration for the inward clash of a sixteen-year old kid. Quality's spirit turns into a battleground where desire, dread, love, and disdain battle for control of his activities. Also, in the midst of the unrest of pre-adulthood, it is the triumph of the dim powers of human instinct that cause Gene to understand that every individual is distant from everyone else with his adversary, that the main noteworthy wars are not made by outside causes, however by something oblivious in the human heart (193). In this way, Finny's awesome affirmation that World War II is a fantasy keeps up a specific truth in light the gen uine war that happens in the story. ... <!

Utopia - The Impossibility of Perfection Essay -- Utopia Essays Utopia

Ideal world - The Impossibility of Perfection The last finish of [this] federation overlooks the start. ?William Shakespeare, The Tempest From Plato's The Republic to Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto, the quest for an ideal social state has never halted; its definitive objective of accomplishing a human culture that exists in total congruity with all due social equity, in any case, has end up being woefully slippery. The unadulterated idea of an ideal world can be hypothetically imagined as an ideal geometric circle: one that is consistent, comprehensive, yet difficult to draw out as a general rule. In 1516, Sir Thomas More delineated in his popular Utopia what he imagined to be a perfect state?one that liberates its residents from material concerns by ordering efficient equity among them and partitioning social obligations fairly. More's work, anyway splendid, can't hide the genuine fallibilities and irksome restrictions of the idealistic contemplations; and being the conflicted maker that he was, More deliberately stressed the incomprehensible idea of his optimal society. After a century, in his last work The Tempest, the incredible writer William Shakespeare gave his crowd a supernatural Commonwealth that is an impression of the Golden Age from the traditional writing. This dream, enclosed by the bigger still eccentricity that is The Tempest, will have humankind come back to the most flawless condition of nature. The Tempest, then again, can be deciphered as a scrutinize of the Utopian state. In the event that the evident heaven must be supported by enchantment and the decons truction of human development, Shakespeare appears to suggest, at that point ideal world is through and through unachievable and impracticable. There is little uncertainty that Sir Thomas More's Utopia is a work of ... ...aults. The idealistic way of thinking flounders since it will not address the darker side of the essentials of human nature?the chief of which is avarice and perniciousness. It should be recollected that human wrongs breed abusive frameworks, not the other way around. By upsetting the cultural framework into a structure that is as far as anyone knows only, one doesn't recover nor cure the natural good imperfections of its residents. The Utopian way of thinking stays, after all the interests, an empty symbol on the special stepped area of desire. Works Cited More, Thomas. Ideal world. Robert M. Adams. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992. Nietzsche, Fredrich. Ethics as Fossilized Violence. The Prince. Robert M. Adams. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992. Ovid. The Golden Age. Utopia. Robert M. Adams. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992. Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. Stanley Wells. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

African Culture and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

African Culture and Development - Essay Example A social viewpoint that has prompted development and advancement in Africa is the way of life through which numerous African clashes settle their contentions. The African culture is one that advances quiet and participatory exchanges in arrangement issues. At the point when families and family members deviate, most African nations decide on out-for-court settlement (Wanda 9). A committee of older folks is typically amassed to address the current issue and give arrangements. This chamber of older folks is chosen from among the most astute and canny of men in the general public, who have indicated mind blowing records of harmony keeping and have been praiseworthy pioneers in their families. At the point when a man depicts such qualities, they can be presented with the obligation of executing thoughts and passing decisions that are reasonable and fair-minded (Vakunta 30). The men are likewise the caretakers of the cultural law and conventions and thus, they are images of administration. Likewise, numerous African nations have stretched out this social practice to administration and authority. The pioneers who are picked in the nations are required to maintain and regard the law and to stay straightforward and responsible to the individuals. A case of a nation that has enormously clung to this is Rwanda, which is quick to forestall a rehash of the decimation that asserted more than 100,000 individuals in a slaughter that just went on for 100 days! Able compromise, accordingly, has been an extraordinary factor towards advancing development and improvement of Africa. Be that as it may, social practices have enormously prevented the advancement of Africa.

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Ethan Frome a Modern Tragic Hero - Free Essay Example

Deserts can be either hot or cold, but all are barren and hostile, much like society can be and much like Edith Wharton’s fictional town of Starkfield, the setting of her novel, Ethan Frome. Wharton’s iconic novel, Ethan Frome follows a tragic hero caught between the conventions of society and his own happiness. The tragedy of Ethan Frome revolves around him, his sickly wife Zeena, and his mistress Miss Mattie Silver. As a child, Frome was expected to care for his sickly mother and later in life had to stay and care for his sickly wife despite his passions for Miss Mattie Silver. In a desperate attempt to escape from his societal obligations, Frome and Silver enter in a suicide pact that leaves Silver paralyzed and Frome disfigured. After Frome recovers, he stays to dutifully care for his mistress and his ungrateful wife. Frome is a modern tragic hero who could not achieve happiness with his love due to the judgemental eye of society and his own moral code. Frome’s position as a tragic hero helps readers to understand Wharton’s point that societal conventions and an individual’s morals often act as an impediment to the fulfilment of their desire. Modern tragic heroes, unlike their classical counterparts, are usually average people with average traits people the audience can relate to and are not deeply flawed like classical tragic heroes. Modern tragic heroes like Ethan Frome are good people who are barred from their goals by society or, as in the present case, the conventions of society. Frome’s only conceivable flaw is that he can’t decide between his own happiness and that of those are around him. Societal conventions won’t allow him to be with both Mattie and Zeena, but his own moral integrity won’t allow him to leave Zeena alone being as sick as she is. â€Å"With the sudden perception of the point to which his madness had carried him, the madness fell and he saw his life before him as it was. He was a poor man, the husband of a sickly woman, whom his desertion would leave alone and destitute; and even if he had the heart to desert her he could have done so only by deceiving two kindly people who had pitied him.† (124) At the climax of the story, when Zeena is about to send Mattie away and Ethan is rushing to get an advance from one of his customers so that the two can elope, he realizes that his plan violates his moral code in too many ways for him to truly be happy. He cannot lie to his friends. He cannot leave Zeena without a caretaker. He cannot elope with Mattie. Because Frome is a tragic hero, the audience understands all of his motivations and understands that without such rigid social conventions, such as that of marriage, Frome could be happy. â€Å"Mattie is all that Zeena is not vivacious, warm, and beautiful†¦ Mattie brings out the best in Frome, and he is filled with both love and gratitude.† (x) The author doesn’t attribute a single positive trait to Zeena. Zeena doesn’t love Frome and isn’t kind to him, but Frome nurses her in her sickness because his moral code won’t allow him to do otherwise. By creating Zeena as a cold character, Wharton emphasizes the goodness of Ethan Frome so that the audience isn’t critical of him for desiring Miss Mattie Silver and instead focuses on how societal conventions and Ethan’s upright moral carriage prevent him from fulfilling his desires. As is characteristic of tragic tales, Wharton’s story is set in the solemn, dreary town. In her story, the icy, outdated town of Starkfield represents society and it’s draining influence on the will of individuals like Ethan Frome. â€Å"He never turned his face to mine, or answered, except in monosyllables, the questions I put, or such pleasantries as I ventured. He seemed a part of the mute melancholy landscape, an incarnation of its frozen woe, with all that was warm and sentient in him fast bound below the surface; but there was nothing unfriendly in his silence.† (13) By directly showing the parallels between Ethan Frome and wasteland that is Starkfield, Wharton is emphasizing her point that society has a negative impact on the will of individuals. After giving a description of Frome’s cold, melancholy nature Wharton reiterates that Frome isn’t unfriendly or remotely a bad person, but after years of being subjected to the desolate, harsh society of Starkfield he has adopted some of its cold attributes, though he remains an unrecognized hero below the surface of his plaintive exterior. Frome is a character devoted to others and suppressed by society. He follows his moral code even though it means he will never get to marry his true love and will instead live life tending to his ungrateful wife. Frome is unable to marry Miss Mattie Silver because he is Married to Zeena and society will neither allow him to leave his sickly wife without a caretaker nor marry Mattie. In conclusion, Edith Wharton’s choice to create Ethan Frome as a tragic hero helps the reader to understand her novel as a criticism of society.

COMPARISON OF TWO PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC APPROACHES Free Essay Example, 3750 words

Case studies also give students a deeper way to approach their learning and they help students understand how to approach clients in a variety of ways. PSYCHOTHERAPY AS A LEARNING EXPERIENCE Corsini and Wedding (2005) state that psychotherapy is a learning experience. When an individual engages in psychotherapy they are entering it in order to think differently, to feel differently, or to act differently (p. 6). It is the counselors responsibility to assist the individual in the learning process and the counselor will also learn within the process of helping. There are many ways that counselors work with different psychotherapies and how they relate them to their clients. As an example, some therapists work by giving clients information and others work more actively. Some therapist use behavioral approaches and others will work through an emotional foundation. Whatever method that an individual uses they must understand the appropriate methods to use that fit their own personality. What an individual learns in their counseling courses will be a small part of what they will have to use when they get into their first counseling job; they will need to use everything they know from their own personality to "tools" they have picked up along the way. We will write a custom essay sample on COMPARISON OF TWO PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC APPROACHES or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Corsini and Wedding also state that best therapists are "eclectic" which means that they develop an integrated style that pulls together many different theories and therapeutic methods so they can remain flexible (Corsini and Wedding, p. 10). CASE STUDY 1: THE CASE OF RON (Corsini and Wedding, 2005, p. 114) Ron is a 24 year old male who presented with obsessive compulsive behavior. He was sent to counseling through a social worker because Ron was having problems with anger management. His fiancà © told him that she had an abortion at age 16 and his anger escalated with outbursts and sometimes excessive drinking. He appeared at the first counseling session dressed in a business suit and carrying an attachà © case. Ron moved to an industrialized Southern New Hampshire town from a rural New England town when he was younger and at that time he was only diagnosed with dyslexia. He was also sickly as a child and his childhood illnesses prevented him from playing sports. He described his father as a successful business man although he was not able to talk to him easily. Ron complained that his mother was okay but her world was "too small. " Ron reports that he was not close to his siblings and that he had "ambivalent" and "turbulent" feelings for his parents (Wedding and Corsini, p.

The Fall Of The Roman Empire - 921 Words

In history it is repeatedly shown that a rebellion on society can change a country. At the beginning of the Roman Empire there were two political classes, the Plebeians and Patricians. The Patricians were the aristocracy in society and put all the hard labor on the Plebeians, who were servants to the Patricians. The balances of power in Roman society changed quickly when the plebeians chose to rise up and rebel against the Roman rule. The rebellion the Plebeians had against the Patricians caused a drastic change in the Roman Empire. At the beginning of the Roman Empire the aristocrats or Patrician party administrated the Roman Government. â€Å"The Government of the republic had three major parts: magistrates, who were elected each year to lead the army and run the government; the Senate, made up of wealthy aristocrats, the heads of noble families, and hereditary priests, who advised the magistrates; and the popular assemblies.† (Ward) The Patricians had the role of electing the magistrates in the Roman government and originally made up most of the army so therefore in return their votes counted more than the Plebeians in the main popular assemblies and the Senate. The Patricians leaving the Plebeians on the outside of the Government were utilizing the power in Rome. â€Å"The chief magistrates came to be called consuls. There were two elected each year.†(Ward) The role of being consul included controlling the Roman army and secondly, making governmental decisions. The Patricians hadShow MoreRelate dFall of the Roman Empire1288 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pax Romana was a two hundred year time period where the Romans had peace and prosperity under Augustus. The Roman empire started to decline at the end of the prevail of the last five emperors, Marcus Aurelius in 161-180 A.D. The rulers in the next century had no idea how to deal with the problems the empire was having. There was many reasons to the fall of the Roman Empire but three stood out the most. The preliminary reason was the economy begins to decline. The alternative reasoning was RomeRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1537 Words   |  7 PagesAncient Rome was an empire so dominant, wealthy and economically- stable which came to a dramatic fall in the period of 250AD- 500AD. Ancient Rome faced unexplained unfortunate events which crumbled the Great Empire from the affluent empire to a impoverished society. For centuries historians have timelessly theorised and analysed many debates and research in relation to the Fa ll of the Roman Empire. What really caused the predominate Roman Empire to fall? Did Rome fall naturally? Was disease, suchRead MoreFall of the Roman Empire758 Words   |  4 PagesTaylor Davino Professor Horsley HIS 126 3 March 2010 The fall of the Roman Empire Political, economic and social aspects were all involved in the fall of the Roman Empire. In 395 A.D., Rome was divided into two empires, with one capital in Rome and the other in Constantinople. During that time, the western Roman Empire was being invaded by barbarian tribes from the North. In 410, the Visigoth tribe succeeded in conquering the western capital in Rome. In 476, the western EmperorRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1419 Words   |  6 PagesThe Roman Empire was a powerful governing body of extensive political and social structures throughout western civilization. How did this empire fall and were internal factories responsible? Slow occurrences in succession to one another led to the fall of the empire rather than one single event. The fall of the Roman Empire was a combination of both internal and external pressures, not just one, leading up to the complete decay of the cities—Rome and Constantinople. However, one could argue how oneRead MoreThe Fall Of Ro man Empire1185 Words   |  5 PagesThe Fall of Roman Empire Roman Empire was considered as one of the most influential and dominant Empire in the history that has ever existed. â€Å"The Roman Empire at its zenith in the period of the Principate (roughly, 27 BC to AD 235) covered vast tracts of three continents, Europe, Africa, and Asia† (Garnsey). It was an ancient, modern Empire, and it supported anyone who made discoveries and technological improvements. The Empire was the strongest governing body in the Mediterranean. If the RomanRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1440 Words   |  6 PagesSophie Loren Plays a Leading Role in the Fall of the Roman Empire? The reason for the fall of the Roman Empire is a controversial topic under much historical debate. How did such a great empire, known for being one of the largest that lasted over a millennium, fall? The Roman Empire transitioned from a republic to an empire in 31 BCE. Augustus Caesar was the first emperor. He created harmony in Rome, but not in calendars as he added August as the eighth month to follow July, which was named afterRead MoreFall of Roman Empire1175 Words   |  5 PagesThe Fall of the Roman Empire The Ancient Roman empire was one of the most prominent and successful societies of its time period. By the end of their reign, the Romans had conquered almost all of the Mediterranean including parts of present day Europe, Asia, and Africa. Rome was at its strongest during the rule of Augustus Caesar, this time was known as the â€Å"Pax Romana† or Roman peace. It wasn’t until later, when Emperor Trajan took over in about 98 C.E. that the Empire reached its peak. AfterRead MoreThe Fall of the Roman Empire609 Words   |  3 PagesThe Fall of the Roman Empire There are adherents to single factors, but more people think Rome fell because of a combination of such factors as Christianity, and economy, and military problems. Even the rise of Islam is proposed as the reason for Romes fall, by some who think the Fall of Rome happened at Constantinople in the 15th Century. Most people think it occurred during the fifth century, after the western division of the empire. There were several reasons for the fall of the Roman EmpireRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1438 Words   |  6 PagesThe Roman Empire was one of the most powerful empires in the history of mankind. In 476 CE Odoacer defeated Romulus Augustus to capture Rome; most historians agree that this was the official end of the Western Roman Empire. There is much debate on how exactly Rome declined and eventually fell. The fall of Rome was a long process that took place over many centuries. There are five main schools of thought on why Rome fell. First, Christianity, offered by Edward Gibbons; He suggests that ChristianityRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1495 Words   |  6 PagesFor a long period of time, the debate about the cause of the fall of the Roman Empire has been a popular topic amongst historians. Most of these historians look at the issue from a standpoint that accepts that there were most likely several causes. The main root of the issue is whether or not these causes were internal or external. Some historians even go more in depth and try to hypothesize what the internal or external causes were. In fact, Adrian Goldsworthy and Peter Heather do just this when

History Of The Philippine Monetary System Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4326 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? ÂÂ   Most people dont spend much time wondering what money is, their major concern is how much they have, and how to get more. Usually, the question of what money IS arises only when money ceases to function properly. In economics (properly understood), the answer to the question what is money? consists of three words: Thats all. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "History Of The Philippine Monetary System Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Yet the conception of a medium of exchange ranks below only language (with its corollaries speech and the written word) as the greatest intellectual discovery in history. Without language, the exchange of anything but the most rudimentary ideas is impossible. Without money, the production and exchange of anything but the most rudimentary goods and services is impossible. It is not difficult or time consuming, or inefficient, it is IMPOSSIBLE! Animals dont exchange (or trade) amongst one another. They are self-sufficient, or they take from each other, or they exercise the prerogative of superior strength and/or cunning. There are some human beings who get along in a very similar fashion, but the overwhelming majority recognises the benefits of voluntary exchange. Strictly speaking, the use of the word voluntary in this context is redundant. The phrase your money or your life is not the precursor to an exchange, whether the person uttering it brandishes a gun or a government identi ty card. The first rule of any voluntary exchange is simplicity itself. If two people are willing to exchange, each must view the results of the exchange as being beneficial. If either of them is not of that view, the exchange will not take place. Direct exchange, or barter, is exactly that my good or service for your good or service. The problem is that I might want what you have to offer, but you might not want what I offer in exchange. With no medium of exchange, there is no deal. Indirect exchange takes place when one party has a medium that is always acceptable, not for what it is, but for what can be done with it. If you offer me money, I will accept it, because I know that I can exchange it for what I want, whenever I want it. Indirect exchange involves the use of MONEY the medium of exchange. Money is the universal key, it fits all locks. And the world it has unlocked is the world we live in today. Money has made the division of labor possible. It has made special ization possible. It has made the accumulation of wealth over periods which exceed a human lifetime possible. Perhaps most important of all, it has hugely advanced the potential for amicable interaction between people. To survive as such, and to prosper, a rational animal must exchange. He or she has language, to exchange ideas, and money, to exchange the fruits of ideas. From that foundation, everything else we see around us has been built. That covers the concept or idea of money. But an idea, as such, does not exist as a physical entity. Money must be a physical entity. Neither the electronic money of today nor the notes and coin which circulate as cash has any official or legal connection with Gold and Silver. But they once did, and most people think that they still do. As long as that situation persists, the modern monetary system will function. Now, how does one go about choosing what is to be used as money? Simple, one looks for the most tradable good, the good which is in highest demand, the good that has begun to be accepted, not as an end in it, but as a means to an end. Money is the good that people do not want to consume, but want to use to make further exchanges easier. Human beings have lived together for more than two million years. Money in its modern form coin of fixed weight and denomination came into use less than three thousand years ago. It took a long time to discover the physical good which best serves the purpose of a medium of exchange. (https://www.the-privateer.com/gold-b.html) Functions Money as a Unit of Value The first function of money is to be a unit of value or a unit of account. The monetary unit is the unit in terms of which the value of all goods and services is measured and expressed. The value of each good or service is expressed as a price, which is the number of monetary units for which the good or service can be exchanged. If the price of a pen is Rs. 10 then a pen can be had in exchange for ten monetary units (where the monetary unit in this case is the rupee). Measuring values in monetary units helps in measuring the exchange values of commodities. If a pen is worth Rs. 10 and a notebook is worth Rs.20 then a notebook is worth two pens. Further, accounting is simplified, as all items will be recorded in terms of monetary units that can be added and subtracted. Money is a useful measuring rod of value only if the value of money itself remains constant. This is similar to saying that a scale is a useful measure of length only if the length of the scale itself is constant. The value of money is linked to its purchasing power. Purchasing power is the inverse of the average or general level of prices as measured by the consumer price index etc. As the general price level increases, a unit of money can purchase a lesser amount of goods and services so the value or purchasing power of money declines. So, money will be a useful unit of value only as long as its own value or purchasing power remains constant. (https://hubpages.com/hub/Functions-of-Money) Money as a Medium of Exchange Money also acts as a medium of exchange or as a medium of payments. This function of money is served by anything that is generally accepted by people in exchange for goods and services. Anything has been quite a variety of things across places and times. Some of the things that have served as money are clay, cowry shells, tortoise shells, cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, tea, tobacco, wool, salt, wine, boats, iron, copper, brass, silver, gold, bronze, nickel, paper, leather, playing cards, debts of individuals, debts of banks, debts of governments, etc. Money will then reduce the time and energy spent in barter. The person who owned a cow can now simply sell it to the person who offers the most money for it and then buy the bullock cart from another person who offers him the best bargain. Ultimately, all trade may be considered barter one good or service is traded for another good or service -either directly, or indirectly with money acting as the intermediary. However, by acting as an intermediary, money increases the ease of trade. Money is also called a bearer of options or generalized purchasing power. This indicates the freedom of choice that the use of money offers. The owner of the cow need not procure goods and services from those to whom he sold his cow. He can use the money to buy the things he wants most, from those who offer him the best bargain (not necessarily those who bought his cow), at the time he considers most advantageous (not necessarily immediately). Again, this function can only be performed properly if the value of money remains constant. (https://hubpages.com/hub/Functions-of-Money) Money as a Standard of Deferred Payments If money performs the previous two functions then it may also perform the function of being the unit in terms of which deferred or future payments are stated. Examples of situations where future payments are to be made are pensions, principal and interest on debt, salaries etc. As long as money maintains a constant value through time, it will overcome the problems associated with making future payments with specific commodities. (https://hubpages.com/hub/Functions-of-Money) Money as a Store of Value If money becomes a unit of value and a means of payment then it may also perform the function of serving as a store of value. The holders of money are holders of generalized purchasing power that can be spent through time. They know that it will be accepted at any time for any good or service and is thus a store of value. This function will be performed well as long as money retains a constant purchasing power. (https://hubpages.com/hub/Functions-of-Money) It may be noted that any asset other than money may also perform the function of store of value, for example, bonds, land, houses, etc. These assets have the advantage that, unlike money, they yield income and may appreciate in value over time. However, they are subject to the following: (1) They may involve storage costs, (2) They may not be liquid in the sense that they could not be quickly converted into money without loss of value, and (3) They may depreciate in value. A person may choose to store value in any for m depending on considerations of income, safety and liquidity. (https://hubpages.com/hub/Functions-of-Money) Kinds Commodity Money Commodity money refers to money whose value comes from a commodity out of which it is made. Examples of commodities that have been used as money include gold, silver, copper, salt, large stones, decorated belts, shells, and cigarettes. Commodity money is to be distinguished from representative money which is a certificate or token which can be exchanged for the underlying commodity. A key feature of commodity money is that the value is directly perceived by the users of this money, who recognize the utility or beauty of the tokens as they would recognize the goods themselves. That is, the effect of holding a token for a barrel of oil must be the same economically as actually having the barrel at hand. This thinking guides the modern commodity markets, although they use a sophisticated range of financial instruments that are more than one-to-one representations of units of a given type of commodity. In situations where the commodity is metal, typically gold or silver, a govern ment mint will often coin money by placing a mark on the metal that serves as a guarantee of the weight and purity of the metal. In doing so, the government will often impose a fee which is known as seigniorage. The role of a mint and of coin is different between commodity money and fiat money. In situations where there is commodity money, the coin retains its value if it is melted and physically altered, while in fiat money it does not. Commodity money often comes into being in situations where other forms of money are not available or not trusted. Various commodities were used in pre-Revolutionary America including wampum, maize, iron nails, beaver pelts, and tobacco. In post-war Germany, cigarettes became used as a form of commodity money in some areas. Cigarettes are still used as a form of commodity money in prison cell. Although commodity money is more convenient than barter, it can also be inconvenient to use as a medium of exchange or a standard of deferred payment due to the transport and storage concerns. Accordingly, notes began to circulate that a government or other trusted entity (e.g. the Knights Templar in Europe in the 13th century) would guarantee as representing a certain stored value on account. This creates a form of money known as representative money the beginning of a long slow shift to credit money. Historically gold was by far the most widely recognized commodity out of which to make money: gold was compact, easy to work into more beautiful jewelry, had decorative and functional utility as a finely strung wire or thin foil leaf, and most importantly, could always be traded for other metals to make weapons with. A state could be described as a political enterprise with sufficient land, gold and reputation for protecting both, e.g. the Fort Knox gold repository long maintained by the United States, could reliably issue certificates to substitute for the gold and be trusted to actually have it. Between 1933 and 1970, one U.S. d ollar was technically worth exactly 1/35 of a troy ounce (889 mg) of gold. However, actual trade in gold as a precious metal within the United States was banned presumably to prevent anyone from actually going up to Fort Knox and asking for their gold. This was a fairly typical transition from commodity to representative to fiat money, with people trading in other goods being forced to trade in gold, then to receive paper money that purported to be as good as gold, and then ultimately see this currency float on commodity markets. However, commodity money remained active in the background in some form or another, and seems to have been revived thanks to global capitalism, wherein a currency is widely traded as a commodity. One way to view such trade is that currency of resource-rich nations tends to be tied to the price of those particular commodity items until it becomes a developed nation. Thus, one could see the nominally fiat money of say Cuba as being tied to the commodity s ugar globally, rather than to the military power of Cuba that holds within its own borders. Also, commodity supplies and protections of supplies by states military fiat remain critical to trade, and there are active commodity market speculations on the stability of certain states, e.g. speculation on the survival of the regime of Saddam Hussein in Iraq has from time to time driven the price of oil. Some argue that this is not so much a commodity market but more of an assassination market speculating on the survival (or not) of Saddam himself. Finally, commodity money is undergoing a more direct revival thanks to theorists of green economics, natural capitalism and global resource banking, some of whom suggest a form of money based on ecological yield. They argue that the outputs of natural capital are the only genuine commodities air, water, and calories of renewable energy we consume being mostly interchangeable when they are free of pollution or disease. However, such goods cannot be held directly, and so it is common to suggest that representative money be issued based on enhancing and extending natures services, giving one the right to receive the yield as a benefit. They argue that reframing political economy to consider the flow of these basic commodities first and foremost, avoiding use of military fiat except to protect natural capital itself, and basing credit-worthiness more strictly on commitment to preserving biodiversity rather than repayment of debt, as in the current global credit money regime anchored by the Bank for International Settlements, would provide measurable benefits to human well-being worldwide. Some seek to replace the B.I.S. with a Global Resource Bank to manage global resources outside national jurisdiction for global benefit. Others would replace the gold standard with a biodiversity standard. It remains to be seen if such schemes have any merit other than as political ways to draw attention to the way capitalism itsel f interacts with life. Critics of this type of proposal often note that, as with other transitions from commodity to representative money, inadequate substitutes will be made on a just trust me basis as per Greshams Law which states that bad money drives out good. Other proposals, such as time-based money, rely on the availability of human labor as a commodity, especially within a community, which is presumably harder to guarantee access to, but also harder to steal. Still others deny the utility of co modifying labor as such, and suggest making free time the standard, since physical capital used for leisure, sport, art, theatre, and other forms of play is co modifiable and possible to control. (https://www.wordiq.com/definition/Commodity_money) Credit Money Credit money refers to money that constitutes future claims of a valuable item against an entity. The holder of credit money can use it to purchase goods and services; when the holder wants to, he or she can redeem it to get the item by which it is backed. Credit money is made of a material that has low intrinsic value compared to the value it represents when exchanged. Some types of credit money include IOUs, bonds and money market accounts. Some people also consider paper money and coins to be credit money because they have no intrinsic value and can be exchanged for valuable commodity. To illustrate how this concept came about, consider English goldsmiths, who centuries ago used to keep deposits of precious metals. They issued paper notes to those who deposited gold or silver for future redemption. These goldsmiths realized that they did not need to completely back their notes with precious metals because only a small fraction of holders come back to convert their notes. The goldsmiths then issued non-backed notes as loans to people who needed funds and received profits from interest payments. These notes constituted the early form of credit money. When a government issues banknotes, it decides on a valuable commodity on which to fix them, gold or silver, for example. It then fixes a stable value on the banknotes and sets them as a medium of exchange. The government can choose to maintain enough valuable commodities to let everyone with banknotes redeem it. The government can also choose to keep just enough valuable commodities to satisfy the small fraction of people who actually want to make the redemption. In this sense, banknotes are credit money because people can use them to redeem gold or silver. In modern monetary systems, however, the central bank often issues money that is not backed by valuable commodity. The size of the money supply in these systems does not depend on the availability of valuable commodity or the obligation of the centr al bank to repay credit money with valuable commodity. This kind of money is known as fiat money and is the most ubiquitous form of money in most modern monetary systems. Credit money can also refer to any claim on valuable commodity that is used as a medium of exchange instead of banknotes. Checks, IOUs and bonds that can be redeemed for banknotes are examples of this. Sometimes credit money has a maturity date, as in the case of checks where the bank pays the check recipient a certain amount of banknotes at maturity. Fiat Money Fiat money is the opposite of honest money. Fiat money is money that is declared to have value even if it does not. Honest money has value regardless of what people say. Gold and silver are often referred to as honest money and since they have been dug out of the ground at considerable expense, they do have value regardless. People will pay variable sums for them. Fiat money is also known as paper money, or electronic money. Since there is nothing behind paper money but the obligation of a state to redeem it in more paper or electronic money, fiat moneys ultimate worth is questionable at best. In fact, there is a history of states walking away from the face value of the fiat money that has been printed (created). But if one has it in ones possession, it is impossible to walk away from the value of gold and silver and contrary to fiat money, they have an inherent quality. Mainly an outgrowth of central banking, in the modern age, fiat money probably would not be attractive wi thout state support. Thats because fiat money, unlike fractional reserve money, has no inherent value. Fractional reserve banking, in fact, is a private market phenomenon in which private banks provide paper notes the face value of which adds up to more than the reserves held by the bank. There is a history of successful fractional reserve banking efforts within the private marketplace; however fiat money ALWAYS collapses, as it is impossible to issue a substance of value year after year and generation after generation that HAS no value. In the United States, the worlds largest and most dominant economy, the greenback became a fiat currency when President Richard Nixon broke the final link between gold and the dollar in 1971. He did this because the French were apparently threatening to redeem their dollars in gold and either the US central bank and/or Treasury did not have enough gold to In any event, Nixon severed the dollars relationship to gold and ever since then the world has embarked on a bold experiment in which the global, anchor currency has no specific relationship to an underlying asset. Predictably, this has meant that the United States has continually created more and more fiat dollars, thus inflating the overall stock of dollars and making them worth less and less. China, one of the worlds most ancient civilizations, is said to have had no less than eight separate interregnums of fiat currency each collapsing and then being replaced by another. In the 1800s, fiat money was even banned by the Chinese. Today, however, the Chinese government is once again a user of fiat money along with the rest of the world. Fiat money has never been as prevalent perhaps as in the modern age. But that doesnt make it any healthier or less prone to failure. Those who ignore history are doomed to repeat it. (https://www.thedailybell.com/803/Fiat-Money.html) Legal Tender Money Legal tender is any form of payment that must be accepted for a debt, according to the laws of the area. Generally, the term refers to government-issued cash money such as bills and coins, as opposed to credit lines, checks, or cards. The laws surrounding legal tender have proved vital in the formation of the fiscal policy of many nations. (https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-legal-tender.htm) The term legal tender means currency that is legally permitted to be used to obtain goods or services in a particular country. Immediately recognized as legal tender for purchases and to settle outstanding debts, currency remains the single most common of all liquid assets that are used on a consistent basis by retail customers. (https://www.wisegeek.com/topics/legal-tender.htm) II. Development of Philippine Money Pre-Hispanic Era Archaeological evidence indicates that small seafaring communities existed throughout the Philippine Archipelago for at least 2000 years, prior to the arrival of the Spaniards. The chief means of trading was barter. Records show that Chinese merchants came to the Philippines to trade porcelain, silk and metalwork in exchange for gold, pearls, beeswax and medicinal plants, which the Philippines is naturally rich in. Excavations also unearthed gold ingots, known as piloncitos, the first recognized form of coinage in the country. Barter rings in different sizes, gold ornaments and beads were the other objects used as medium of exchange during the period. (https://www.bsp.gov.ph/about/history/story2.asp) Spanish Era The Galleon Trade, which started during the colonization of the Philippines in 1565 and lasted for 250 years, was responsible for transforming Manila into a trade center for oriental goods. These were brought across the Pacific, in exchange for odd-shaped silver coins called cobs or macuquinas. Other coins that followed were the dos mundos or pillar dollars in silver, the counterstamped coins and the portrait series, also in silver. In the 18th century, the Royalty of Spain authorized the production of copper coins by the Ayuntamiento or Municipality of Manila in response to the acute shortage of fractional coins. These were called barrillas which first appeared in 1728.In 1852, the first banknotes called pesos fuertes were issued, and in 1861,the Casa de Moneda de Manila minted the first gold coins with the word Filipinas inscribed, which were called Isabelinas and Alfonsinos. (https://www.bsp.gov.ph/about/history/story3.asp) Revolutionary Period On August 23, 1896, the Cry of Balintawak, headed by Andres Bonifacio signaled the start of the Philippine Revolution. After General Emilio Aguinaldos proclamation as President of the First Philippine Republic, Two types of 2-centavo copper coins were struck in the army arsenal of Malolos. Because their mintage was so few, they are considered extremely rare collection. Paper notes were also issued, but the circulation was limited because the government was short-lived. (https://www.bsp.gov.ph/about/history/story4.asp) American Regime When the Americans took over the Philippines in 1901, the US Congress passed the Philippine Coinage Act, which authorized the mintage of silver coins from 1903 to 1912. Subsequently, Silver Certificates were issued until 1918. These were replaced with Treasury Certificates from 1918 to 1935. The American Government deemed it more economical and convenient to mint silver coins in the Philippines, hence, the re-opening of the Manila Mint in 1920, which produced coins until the Commonwealth Period. This also became the first seat of the Central Bank in 1949. (https://www.bsp.gov.ph/about/history/story5.asp) World War II During the Japanese Occupation from 1941 to 1944, two kinds of notes circulated the Japanese Invasion Money issued by the Japanese Government, and the Guerrilla Notes or Resistance Currencies issued by Filipino guerrillas. (https://www.bsp.gov.ph/about/history/story6.asp) Republic Period Republic Act No.265 created the Central Bank of the Philippines (CBP) on January 3, 1949, which was vested the power of administering the banking credit system of the country. Initially, the CBP issued the Victory Notes with the overprint Central Bank of the Philippines in 1949. The first official banknotes issued by the Central Bank were the English series in 1951, followed by the Pilipino series in 1967, the Ang Bagong Lipunan series in 1973 and the New Design series in 1985. Central Bank coins of the English series were also issued in 1959, followed by the Pilipino series in 1967, and the Ang Bagong Lipunan series in 1975. The Flora and Fauna series were introduced in 1983, and subsequently, the improved version in 1992, until the demonetization of all the series in 1998. (https://www.bsp.gov.ph/about/history/story7.asp)

Whole Foods Market Case Analysis - 1687 Words

Whole Foods Market Case Analysis Whole Foods Market has received recognition as recent as January 27th 2011 when CNBC aired Supermarkets Inc: Inside a 500 Billion Money Machine. â€Å"Whole Foods is arguably the most influential, and by some measures, the most successful supermarket chain in the world. The specialty gourmet store has grown into a Fortune-300 company offering specialty foods and locally grown organic produce.1† CNBC goes on to state that even â€Å"Established brands like Safeway, Giant Eagle and Kroger are cultural icons as familiar as our own street names, but they are under constant attack from brilliant upstarts like Whole Foods†¦1† From the general supermarket industry Whole Foods Market breaks down into even a smaller specific†¦show more content†¦Whole Foods Market has had experience in the natural/organic retailing industry since 1980. For the past 30+ years they have built over 300 large customized stores in North America and also in the United Kingdom. Whole Food s Market is known to provide the highest quality of products. Weaknesses of Whole Foods Market include the high prices for their products; this is a direct result of the company’s focus on their availability of the finest products. The majority of Whole Foods Market inventory consists of perishable items. This can sometimes pose problems because, produce, milk, eggs have a short shelf life, Produce especially needs constant maintenance to be graded as well as pulling the damaged or bruised produce off the sales floor. Working as a produce clerk for several years I know the importance decreasing the cost of throw away products. It hurts the company’s sales especially when you are dealing with pricy high quality natural and organic foods. Another weakness the Whole Foods Market faces is the high costs associated with expanding into different locations. The third part of SWOT is external opportunities that WFM faces in the industry. Over the past couple of decades moreShow MoreRelatedCase Analysis On Whole Foods Market1577 Words   |  7 Pages Case Analysis on Whole Foods Market Wanda I. Ramos Trident University BUS 599: Title of Course Professor’s Name July 16, 2015 Abstract Case analysis are detailed descriptions of real management situations. In the case analysis below on Whole Foods Market, the objective was to analyze the organization’s strategy in the market, as well as looking at their mission and values, and how they have applied them and grown. By applying concepts to actual cases, we improve your ability to thinkRead MoreWhole Foods Market Case Analysis1768 Words   |  8 PagesWHOLE FOODS MARKET, 2005: WILL THERE BE ENOUGH ORGANIC FOOD TO SATISFY THE GROWING DEMAND? Introduction Whole Foods Market has developed into the world’s largest retail chain of organic foods supermarkets. Their fast growth success is mainly due to being high selective core values. The company employs more than 32000 workers and also with an average size of store of approximately 3000 square metres. Analysis General environment Economic An affluent Organization for Economic Co-operationRead MoreWhole Food Markets Case Analysis Essay1986 Words   |  8 PagesRunning Head: GROUP CASE ANALYSIS WEEK 6 Group Case Analysis WEEK 6 Whole Foods Markets, Inc. Executive Summary: Existing mission, objectives, and strategies: According to Strategic Management Concepts and Cases, written by F. David, Whole Food Market, Inc.’s current mission statement is as follows, â€Å"to promote the vitality and well-being of all individuals by supplying the highest quality, most wholesome foods available† (DavidRead MoreCase Analysis: John Mackey, Whole Foods Market Essay examples1702 Words   |  7 PagesEric Smith Christine Hill Organizational behavior January 24, 2013 Case Analysis: John Mackey, Whole Foods Market 1. What role, if any, does McGregor’s Theory Y play at Whole Foods? Explain. 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Introduction to the Topic Whole Foods received a warning letter from

What is meant in psychology by the term attachment Free Essays

The psychological explanation for the term ‘attachment’ is where you form an emotional bond to another person or object both physically and mentally. And to feel secure. John Bowlby (1969) described it as a lasting psychological connectedness between human beings. We will write a custom essay sample on What is meant in psychology by the term attachment? or any similar topic only for you Order Now He also stated that early experiences In childhood have an important influence on development behavior on the individual’s life. Attachment behavior is essentially a survival strategy from evolution for protecting infants from predators. Question 2 According to Bowlby, what harm is caused to an individual if he or she is deprived of an attachment bond in early childhood? If the process of ‘attachment’ is ‘interrupted’, the individual may develop mental issues such as depression, behavioural issues, find it hard to make relationships, even goes as far as psychiatric disorders, dwarfism, acute distress or possibly death if the attachment bond is interrupted. From the 1940’s – 1970’s it was determined that a child must have a secure mother-child relationship if the infant was not to suffer any long term problems. Bowlby did a case study on 44 Juvenile thieves and to his amazement discovered that a majority of them had suffered some sort of separation from their mothers, possibly more than 6 months or more in the first critical 5 years of their lives. This was actually proven to be of a biased nature as Bowlby did find that most of them had suffered some form of separation from their mothers and he presumed that this was the case of their delinquency. He also found that a small number of the juvenile thieves were unable to make â€Å"true† affection bonds. But these findings could be thrown out as Bowlby never had results from a â€Å"controlled group† to compare his findings. Harlow did an experiment with this in mind with rhesus monkeys – â€Å"wire mother experiment†. It was conducted in 1960 to show the devastating effects deprivation. His experiments were classed as unethical and cruel, but they uncovered truths which have had a heavy influence on our understanding of child development. Question 3 What factors appear to be necessary to bring about attachment? Time and attention as well as the factor to attend to an infant immediately will bring out partial attachment. Sight is also an important factor as well. Jean Piaget proved that theory when he did a case study on infants aged between the age 8/9 months, by covering a toy with cloth to see if they would â€Å"look or search† for the object when it had disappeared out of sight. Schaffer and Emerson (1964) noted that not only do infants form a solid attachment to their mother (or mother figures), but that a substantial amount of infants also made a close attachment to their fathers and older siblings. Mary Ainsworth () had distinguished between infants who had successfully managed to make secure and insecure attachments. The results showed that it was how the mother (or mother figure) showed sensitivity, i.e. detecting her infants signals, managing to interpret them and how the mother (or mother figure would react and respond appropriately). Question 4 Describe and evaluate the evidence which has found that children can develop normally despite maternal separation? Chibuccs Kail (1981), found that there were 3 factors. It was as follows:- 1) how playful he was towards the baby 2) how much contact the have with the baby 3) Reads a baby signals They noted that a mother would hold, smile, show more affection towards a child as well as routine physical care. The father would play more but it was more physical and that they would interact more with boys both physically and mentally than they did girls. Kohen-Raz (1968), did a study on the kibbutz. It was noted that kibbutz children were equal in physical mental skills to Israeli children, who were raised in private homes BUT were superior to Israeli children raised in orphanages. Rabkin Rabkin (1969) and Nahir Yussen (1977) found that the kibbutz children could demonstrate several advanced characteristics than children raised at home, and that they also could show signs of recognition in how other children felt from an early age. Question 5 Why do same people argue that animals should not be used in psychology experiments? It has been noted that its acceptable perform experiments on animals especially primates as they are the closest relation to humans. Where preforming experiments on human kind is would be considered as outrageous and unethical. It’s obvious that the experiments involving animals for psychological and behavioural experiments cause suffering but they shall be forth coming as it’s funded by tax payer’s money World Wide. The experiments are aimed to help understand mental disorders and attachment disorders. Cahann only obtain results by watching human behaviour closely not under experimental circumstances. Question 6 Describe and evaluate one study of visual perception in human infants. Gibson Walk – 1960 (visual cliff) This was an experiment which consisted to measure depth perception where they attempted to get infants to walkover a glass plate suspended over a drop. Gibson Walk wanted to find out whether 6 to 14 month old infants could perceive depth. Babies have a natural sense of danger so the experiment was designed to see if they can see it’s perfectly safe. Case studies were placed each time in the middle of a table, where 1 side was replaced by glass to expose the â€Å"danger†. Their mothers would then try to tempt the infant over both sides. The results showed that if the case study (infant) had no depth perception then the glass drop wouldn’t seem scary and they would just walk all over the table. Those that didn’t have depth perception and could see the drop, they would automatically avoid it. How to cite What is meant in psychology by the term attachment?, Papers

Nutrition for kids Guidelines for a healthy diet free essay sample

Nutrition for kids is based on the same principles as nutrition for adults. Everyone needs the same types of nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, protein, and fat. Children, however, need different amounts of specific nutrients at different ages.Consider these nutrient-dense foods:Protein. Choose seafood, lean meat and poultry, eggs, beans, peas, soy products, and unsalted nuts and seeds.Fruits. Encourage the child to eat a variety of fresh, canned, frozen or dried fruits rather than fruit juice. If child drinks juice, make sure its 100 percent juice without added sugars and limit his or her servings. Look for canned fruit that says its light or packed in its own juice, meaning its low in added sugar. Keep in mind that one-quarter cup of dried fruit counts as one cup-equivalent of fruit. When consumed in excess, dried fruits can contribute extra calories.Vegetables. Serve a variety of fresh, canned, frozen or dried vegetables. We will write a custom essay sample on Nutrition for kids: Guidelines for a healthy diet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Aim to provide a variety of vegetables, including dark green, red and orange, beans and peas, starchy and others, each week. When selecting canned or frozen vegetables, look for options lower in sodium. Grains. Choose whole grains, such as whole-wheat bread, oatmeal, popcorn, brown or wild rice. Limit refined grains such as white bread, pasta, and rice.Dairy. Encourage your child to eat and drink fat-free or low-fat dairy products, such as milk, yogurt, cheese or fortified soy beverages.0-12 months: Infants up to the age to six months are exclusively breastfed. As baby grows, gradually introduce baby to a wide range of new tastes and textures so that, by the age of one year, the baby is enjoying a varied and healthy diet. Average Energy Requirements (calories/kcals) of children aged 1 to 5:Age Male (kcal) Female (kcal)1 765 7172 1004 9323 1171 10764 1386 12915 1482 1362Toddlers (1-3): The period Between 1 and 3 years old, toddlers develop in fascinating, exciting and surprising ways. Physically, socially, emotionally and verbally, they are becoming more independent and able to express their budding personality. A healthy, balanced diet is necessary to provide a toddler with the right balance of nutrients they need for optimal development. Two vital vitamins for this stage are iron and vitamin D.Pre-School Children (3-5): Children growth and development is rapid. A child can play with a group of friends, using their imagination to play games. They’re capable of making decisions. Their daily energy and nutrient requirements are high.Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI):AGE IRON RNI (mg) CALCIUM RNI (mg) VITAMINS RNI (ug) SALT(g) SODIUM(g)1-3 6.9 350 400 2 0.83-5 6.1 450 400 3 1.2

National Monument of Malaysia free essay sample

The National Monument is situated at the centre of the reflecting pool. The monument was designed by the famous American sculptor Felix de Weldon, who also designed the Iwo Jima Memorial in Washington. The idea of erecting the bronze monument came to the late Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al Haj, Malaysias first prime minister, in 1960 when he visited the USMC War Memorial statue in his visit to America in October 1960 and personally met the renowned sculptor for favour to design the monument. The National Monument was built at a cost of RM600, 000. The National Monument was erected to recognize and honour of those who gave up their lives in the cause for peace and freedom during the 1st and 2nd World Wars, and particularly during the nation’s struggle against the threat of Communism (the period of Malayan Emergency) from the years 1948 to 1960. The monument stands at 15. 54m high, and is made up of a diorama of seven bronze human figures, atop an oblong base. We will write a custom essay sample on National Monument of Malaysia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Each figure at the National Monument denotes one of the seven qualities: courage, leadership, sacrifice, strength, suffering, unity and vigilance. The topmost figure, at the centre of the National Monument, holds aloft the Malaysian flag. He is flanked on the left and right by 2 other soldiers, both armed – the figure on the left is armed with a machinegun, while the other carries a rifle and a bayonet. Kneeling slightly on the right side of the central figure is a fourth soldier, who is tending to a fifth wounded ompatriot. To the front and below these five figures are 2 fallen enemies. The granite base of the monument bears on inscription in English with Roman script and Malay with Jawi script: â€Å"Dedicated to the heroic fighters in the cause of peace and freedom, May the blessing of Allah be upon them†. Overall the monument depicts the victory of the forces of democracy, peace and freedom over that of the communist and evil. The Tugu Negara should be designated as one of the Wonders of Malaysia. It is one of the national symbols of Malaysia and it is built in honour of those who had fought and fell defending our beloved country; the seven soldiers atop the monument symbolizes the loyalty, sacrifice and co-operation of the people of Malaysia

ASTRONOMY †HISTORY AND REVOLUTION

ASTRONOMY – HISTORY AND REVOLUTION Free Online Research Papers In early times, astronomy only comprised the observation and predictions of the motions of objects visible to the naked eye. In some locations, such as Stonehenge, early cultures assembled massive artifacts that likely had some astronomical purpose. In addition to their ceremonial uses, these observatories could be employed to determine the seasons, an important factor in knowing when to plant crops, as well as in understanding the length of the year. Before tools such as the telescope were invented early study of the stars had to be conducted from the only vantage points available, namely tall buildings and high ground using the bare eye. As civilizations developed, most notably in Mesopotamia, Greece, Egypt, Persia, Maya, India, China, Nubia and the Islamic world, astronomical observatories were assembled, and ideas on the nature of the universe began to be explored. Most of early astronomy actually consisted of mapping the positions of the stars and planets, a science now referred to as astrometry. From these observations, early ideas about the motions of the planets were formed, and the nature of the Sun, Moon and the Earth in the universe were explored philosophically. The Earth was believed to be the center of the universe with the Sun, the Moon and the stars rotating around it. This is known as the geocentric model of the universe. A few notable astronomical discoveries were made prior to the application of the telescope. For example, the obliquity of the ecliptic was estimated as early as 1000 BC by the Chinese. The Chaldeans discovered that lunar eclipses recurred in a repeating cycle known as a saros.In the 2nd century BC, the size and distance of the Moon were estimated by Hipparchus. During the Middle Ages, observational astronomy was mostly stagnant in medieval Europe, at least until the 13th century. However, observational astronomy flourished in the Islamic world and other parts of the world. Some of the prominent Arab astronomers who made significant contributions to the science were Al-Battani and Thebit. Astronomers during that time introduced many Arabic names that are now used for individual stars.It is also believed that the ruins at Great Zimbabwe and Timbuktu may have housed an astronomy observatory. Europeans had previously believed that there had been no astronomical observation in pre-colonial Middle Ages sub-Saharan Africa but modern discoveries show otherwise. During the Renaissance, Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system. His work was defended, expanded upon, and corrected by Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler. Galileo innovated by using telescopes to enhance his observations. Kepler was the first to devise a system that described correctly the details of the motion of the planets with the Sun at the center. However, Kepler did not succeed in formulating a theory behind the laws he wrote down. It was left to Newtons invention of celestial dynamics and his law of gravitation to finally explain the motions of the planets. Newton also developed the reflecting telescope. Further discoveries paralleled the improvements in the size and quality of the telescope. More extensive star catalogues were produced by Lacaille. The astronomer William Herschel made a detailed catalog of nebulosity and clusters, and in 1781 discovered the planet Uranus, the first new planet found. The distance to a star was first announced in 1838 when the parallax of 61 Cygni was measured by Friedrich Bessel. During the nineteenth century, attention to the three body problem by Euler, Clairaut, and DAlembert led to more accurate predictions about the motions of the Moon and planets. This work was further refined by Lagrange and Laplace, allowing the masses of the planets and moons to be estimated from their perturbations. Significant advances in astronomy came about with the introduction of new technology, including the spectroscope and photography. Fraunhofer discovered about 600 bands in the spectrum of the Sun in 1814-15, which, in 1859, Kirchhoff ascribed to the presence of different elements. Stars were proven to be similar to the Earths own Sun, but with a wide range of temperatures, masses, and sizes. The existence of the Earths galaxy, the Milky Way, as a separate group of stars, was only proved in the 20th century, along with the existence of external galaxies, and soon after, the expansion of the universe, seen in the recession of most galaxies from us. Modern astronomy has also discovered many exotic objects such as quasars, pulsars, blazars, and radio galaxies, and has used these observations to develop physical theories which describe some of these objects in terms of equally exotic objects such as black holes and neutron stars. Physical cosmology made huge advances during the 20th century, with the model of the Big Bang heavily supported by the evidence provided by astronomy and physics, such as the cosmic microwave background radiation, Hubbles law, and cosmological abundances of elements Research Papers on ASTRONOMY - HISTORY AND REVOLUTIONThree Concepts of PsychodynamicThe Rise and Fall of Napoleon BonaparteAmerican Central Banking and OilDistance Learning Survival GuideGlobal Distributive Justice is UtopianGenetic EngineeringDeontological Teleological TheoriesBooker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells-BarnettDefinition of Export QuotasCombating Human Trafficking

5 Mixed-Up Malapropisms

5 Mixed-Up Malapropisms 5 Mixed-Up Malapropisms 5 Mixed-Up Malapropisms By Mark Nichol It’s almost impossible to speak or write English without dodging a misnomer or a malapropism at least once in your lifetime. A misnomer (the word is derived from the Latin for â€Å"incorrect name†) is forgivable usually, it’s merely a matter of retaining an obsolete description, as in â€Å"pencil lead† for the graphite used in writing instruments, or referring to the United States as a democracy, when it’s technically a federal republic but a malapropism is a bald sign of carelessness or overreaching for elephants. Eloquence. I meant eloquence. Sometimes, of course, it’s used for comic effect. (That’s where we get the word malapropism. It comes from malapropos, the Latin for â€Å"inappropriate,† entering the English language when playwright Richard Brinsley Sheridan used it as the name of a character who, out of ignorance, uttered humorous inanities.) Here are some examples of malapropisms to avoid: 1. â€Å"Her plans didn’t jive with his ambitions.† Jive means â€Å"to deceive†; the writer meant jibe, â€Å"to coincide†: â€Å"Her plans didn’t jibe with his ambitions.† 2. â€Å"Who was the first Englishman to circumvent the globe?† In one sense, circumvent means â€Å"to go around,† so it superficially works here, but the most common meaning is â€Å"to evade,† so, unless the Englishman was a fugitive astronaut, circumnavigate is the word the writer is looking for: â€Å"Who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe?† 3. â€Å"In outrage, she responded vehemently to the anti-Semitic epitaphs at the rally.† An epitaph is a commemorative inscription or comment about a deceased person. The correct word is epithets (an epithet, in this context, is an insult): â€Å"In outrage, she responded vehemently to the anti-Semitic epithets at the rally.† (Epithet can also mean a substituting word or phrase such as â€Å"the Father of Our Country† or, in biology, a term in a taxonomic name.) 4. â€Å"I awaited her arrival with baited breath.† Baited means â€Å"lured† or â€Å"teased† (or â€Å"attacked,† â€Å"harassed,† or â€Å"persecuted†). The writer should have written bated (â€Å"withheld†): â€Å"I awaited her arrival with bated breath.† 5. â€Å"I wouldn’t step foot in there if you paid me.† This substitution of step for set is a minor flaw, but the latter word is the standard idiom: â€Å"I wouldn’t set foot in there if you paid me.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Classes and Types of Phrases50 Diminutive Suffixes (and a Cute Little Prefix)

International bussiness law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International bussiness law - Coursework Example With regard to the efficiency along with the adequate significance of a valid contract, the aspect of consideration is often viewed as one of the major attributes which ensures to clearly understand about the conditions accepted by both the contractual parties during an agreement (MacMillan & Stone, 2012). This paper intends to critically define and explain the aspect of ‘consideration’ in relation to the law of a contract. In order to critically understand the major guidelines underneath the aspect, the discussion of this paper would highly focus on critically evaluating the statements regarding consideration that include â€Å"past consideration is not good consideration† along with â€Å"consideration must be sufficient but does not have to be adequate†. (i) Definition and Explanation of Consideration in relation to the Law of Contract In relation to the perspective of contract law, the aspect of consideration is identified as a set of principles that ar e agreed by both the parties while entering into an agreement. With the purpose of enforcing a contract, it is essential for both the party(s) to agree with certain terms along with conditions concerning payment. Therefore, consideration in a contract can further be stated as the commitment of paying the price of a contract by the other party. Consideration may also be recognised as the benefit or interest acquired by one party with loss or liability given by the other party (Field, 2012). Moreover, consideration is also defined as the fundamental prerequisite which denotes certain essential terms along with conditions, to be accepted by both the contractual parties in achieving the predetermined objectives of the contract. Owing to the stated concern, the fundamental law governing the facet of consideration is generally defined as agreed equivalent and inducing causes of the parties, for the purpose of satisfying the value and validity of the contract (Xie, 2010). Therefore, consid eration of a valid contract generally incorporates three major types of obligations that efficiently enable the contractual parties to accomplish their desired objectives. In this regard, the obligations relating to the doctrine of consideration include the following: The obligations associated with a valid and a justified contract law ensure to act independently for smooth progress of the contractual agreement The obligations that are allocated by the third party of the contract and The obligations that exist in a particular contract with an individual, who has created a new promise, for which the persisting obligation is suspected in offering a valid consideration of a contract (MacMillan & Stone, 2012). Roles and Significance of Consideration With reference to the law of contract, consideration ensures to play a decisive role for both the parties in order to achieve a valid contractual agreement. In relation to determine the importance of consideration, it can be affirmed from a broader outlook that ensuring the incorporation of valid conditions in line with the justifiable requirements of a contract is an essential role of consideration. The aspect i.e. consideration

Preety Vs Non Preety Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Preety Vs Non Preety - Thesis Example It will be argued that those who appear better always do relatively better in their lives – keeping all other factors aside. It will further be contended that people who are physically more attractive tend to get more opportunities in their lifetime as compared to their colleagues with unattractive personalities. Moreover, the idea that people with more attractive physical appearances comparatively achieve more in their lives, will be put forward with the help of observation of each and every stage of a human life. ‘Physical appearance’, for the purpose of this paper must not be misinterpreted as ‘beauty’, as the idea of beauty as mere physical appearance is subjective. The physical appearance indicated throughout this paper will relate to only physical attractiveness which may find its roots in different characteristics of a person like his/her intelligence, approach, personality, richness, way of communication and/or prettiness etc. The paper propos es that even though a person’s physical attractiveness may not usually determine his/her working capacity, it is a recurring phenomenon that a person’s physical appearance affects other people’s perception of him thus giving rise to unequal distribution of opportunities amongst the working class based on their physical attractiveness (Loh). ... to show its effects† (Jackson) It is further proposed that the phrase ‘deciding his/her life’ refers to one’s eventual success in life through different stages that every human has to live e.g. childhood, teenage, young adulthood, adulthood and finally old-age. It does not mean that one’s personal life decisions are based upon his physical appearance, however, it refers to the idea that other’s decision with respect to him/her will definitely depend upon his/her physical appearance. The human society revolves around interdependence and notions of social contract (Hampton) which require social interaction and such social interaction is undoubtedly influenced largely by each individual’s physical appearances. Throughout the paper, the main focus will be upon the influence of physical appearance in the social interactions (reflections and perceptions) in different frameworks of various institutions that one happens to come across in his ent ire life-time. â€Å"Democratic or not, physical attractiveness has an important influence in almost every realm of behavior in which its effects have been studied† (Jackson). Through following three subdivided stages of one’s life, this paper will discuss above mentioned contentions in the light of physical attractiveness – (a) Childhood (Kindergarten), (b) Teenage and young adulthood (Middle & High School), (c) Adulthood & Old-age (Job market and Retired life). 2. Effect of Physical Appearance in one’s Childhood life: The birth of a child is known to have been the most beautiful gift of nature. But is this beauty enough to blossom that child as beautifully as others who were born at the same time as him? The most logical answer that follows is – no. There will always be an unequal distribution of resources

Effective and Environmentally Safe Household Cleaner

Effective and Environmentally Safe Household Cleaner Introduction Cleaning products are an essential part of maintaining any home or workplace. However, many of the well-known household cleaners contain chemicals that can harm the environment. This is a main reason as to why a consumer’s choice upon choosing a cleaning product should rely on the safety of not only humans but the environment as well. For example, cleaning products that contain Volatile organic compounds can affect indoor air quality as well as contribute to the formation of smog in outdoor air (EPA, 2010). Therefore, an experiment has been conducted to accurately determine which cleaner-vinegar, Comet, All Purpose, baking soda, or a mixture of vinegar and baking soda- is the most environmentally safe and the most efficient. The end result should display the mix of Vinegar and Baking Soda as being the most environmentally safe and efficient household cleaning product. Method To begin the experiment, draw two lines on each tile (five tiles total) 10 centimeters long. Label each line as either a 1 or 2 on each tile to distinguish the trials. (Note: each line will be used for separate trials.) Also, label each tile as the name of the cleaner being used. Then, measure 10 milliliters of vinegar using a graduated cylinder. Depending on paper towels available, fold as needed to where it does not rip or bleed through while scrubbing. Next, pour the vinegar from the graduated cylinder slowly onto the line marked as trial 1. Scrub the stain that has vinegar on it vigorously using the paper towels. Same person scrubbing the vinegar will do so for the rest of the products and trials. Start the stopwatch once the scrubbing begins and stop as soon as the mark is completely removed. Record results immediately after the stain is erased and clearly state any observations obtained. Repeat this procedure for both Comet and All Purpose cleaners. However, a different method must be taken when removing the stain with a baking soda and water solution. In a plastic cup mix two scoops of baking soda with 30 milliliters of water. Measure 10 milliliters of that solution into a graduated cylinder. Pour the solution onto the tile labeled trial 1. Scrub vigorously using paper towels as needed. Record observations and the amount of time it takes to remove crayon stain. Repeat the procedure with baking soda and water except replace the water with vinegar. It will now be a baking soda and vinegar solution. Finally, record observations and time taken to remove the crayon mark. Repeat all procedures for each solution an additional time but instead using the mark labeled as trial 2. Make sure to record all data and observations after each crayon mark is thoroughly removed from the tile. Results Observations were made immediately following each trial. For instance, vinegar was clear and watery. It had a sour scent and was not messy. Unlike vinegar, baking soda was messy, milky, and gritty. Comet was a thick, green, slimy, and bleach-smelling product. Like baking soda, Comet was also messy. All Purpose, however, was not messy and had a bleach stench. It was also watery and made bubbles once the scrubbing began. Vinegar and baking soda mixture was milky, gritty, and made a reaction when mixed together. Conclusion In conclusion, this experiment was successful in displaying which cleaning product was the most efficient, while being environmentally safe. In this experiment there were four specific cleaning products that were experimented. The hypothesis is supported by the data that was obtained; the combination of vinegar and baking soda is the most efficient in removing a crayon stain. Moreover, as well as being the most efficient, vinegar and baking soda is the most environmentally safe. The data that was concluded from each product are as follows. The first cleaning product tested was vinegar and was found to be inefficient time wise, taking over 3 minutes to remove the stain. Vinegar has an ingredient of acetic acid. If acetic acid is released into the environment it will either evaporate or natural waters will neutralize the solution into acetate salts, either of which are not harmful (Iowa State University, 2001). The next product tested was Comet. It was found to be inefficient, but on a verage was the second to fastest in removing the stain, taking only over a minute compared to vinegar’s 3 minutes. Comet contains fragrance, surfactant, sodium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite, water, and cleaning agent. Of the ingredients, sodium hypochlorite was found to be the most harmful because it is a toxic chemical. Although sodium hypochlorite is only entered in the environment by a spill or misuse, overexposure can result in harm to aquatic wildlife such as freshwater fish (SDA, 1997). Another product tested was Great Value All Purpose Cleaner. All Purpose took almost as much time as Vinegar to remove the stain, making it inefficient as well. Like Comet, All Purpose contained 2% sodium hypochlorite; therefore, they have similar effects on the environment, both of which are harmful to aquatic wildlife if overexposed. An additional product tested was baking soda. The data for baking soda in the first trial of the experiment can be classified as inconclusive as a result of the baking soda sinking to the bottom of the cup when mixed with water. However, when conducting the second trial the time made an enormous decrease, taking a little over 30 seconds to remove the crayon mark. Baking soda is made up of sodium bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate occurs in nature. Therefore, further studies indicate that under normal conditions and use of sodium bicarbonate there are no harmful effects pertaining to plant life and the environment. In fact, research studies show that sodium bicarbonate improves sewage treatment by effectively using pH and enhancing anaerobic digestion of solids (Arm and Hammer, 2012). The final cleaning product tested was a mixture of vinegar and baking soda. This mixture was concluded to be the most efficient in time, taking less than 20 seconds to remove the crayon mark in both trials 1 and 2. Due to this mixture of acetic vinegar and basic baking soda, the resulting solution is a neutral substance- carbon dioxide- that is not harmful to the environment. Ultimately, as previously stated, the hypothesis was supported by this experiment; vinegar and baking soda mixed is the most effective and environmentally safe product. The cost of both vinegar and baking soda is not the cheapest, being a little over 3 dollars, but the effectiveness and safety override that factor. An error recorded for this experiment is that the lines drawn onto the tiles were too thick, making it harder to scrub off with the cleaning product which may have altered the overall data for that trial. Furthermore, the tiles itself had different textures which could have had an overall effect on the amount of time taken to remove the crayon stain. Works Cited Arm and Hammer. (2012). Product Safety Summary. Retrieved from http://www.ahperformance.com/media/files/Product-Safety-Summary_SBC_Final.pdf Iowa State University. (2001). Material Safety Data Sheet Acetic Acid, Glacial. Retrieved from http://avogadro.chem.iastate.edu/MSDS/acglac.htm The Soap and Detergent Association. (1997). Sodium Hypochlorite. Retrieved from http://www.aciscience.org/docs/sodium_hypochlorite.pdf U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2010). Greening Your Purchase of Cleaning Products: A Guide For Federal Purchaser. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/epp/pubs/cleaning.htm